Tumors and pseudotumors of foot and ankle: Bone lesions.

Bone tumors and tumor-like lesions (pseudotumors) are not uncommonly encountered as asymptomatic findings on imaging, or as symptomatic lesions clinically. Radiographic imaging is the first diagnostic tool for their management strategy, since the symptoms are commonly non-specific, such as pain, swelling, and redness. Image findings must be analyzed with attention to the specific features such as lesion location, margination, zone of transition, mineralization, size and multifocality, soft tissue component and/or loco-regional extent. Cross-sectional imaging including CT and MRI serve as complementary methods, providing additional information with respect to the lesion characterization, mineralization, extent and involvement of the adjoining soft tissues. Clinical and/or key imaging features aid in limiting the differential diagnostic possibilities and serve as a guide in determining the benignity or malignancy of the tumor as well as to exclude pseudotumors. This article reviews the key imaging features of foot and ankle lesions. Benign bone lesions include simple and aneurysmal bone cysts, lipoma, hemangioma, chondroblastoma, enchondroma, osteoid osteoma, osteoblastoma, and giant cell tumor. Locally aggressive intermediate category lesion includes hemangioendothelioma. Malignant lesions include osteosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, chondrosarcoma. Pseudotumors such as fibrous dysplasia, hemophilic pseudotumor, gout and Madura foot are also discussed with illustrative case examples.

Evolution of chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis in a child shown by MRI.

Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO) is a rare idiopathic inflammatory disease that mainly affects children and young adults. The clinical signs and symptoms are nonspecific, hindering and delaying the proper diagnosis. We report a case of CRMO in a child with chronic pain in the cervical and thoracic spine. Investigations of the pain revealed a diagnosis of osteomyelitis in the biopsy, indicating a course of antibiotic treatment. After a year, there was progressive worsening of the pain, and it soon spread to the left wrist and right ankle. Magnetic resonance imaging of the left wrist and right ankle revealed morphostructural changes. A new biopsy was performed on the wrist and ankle, and osteomyelitis was pinpointed again. In view of the clinical, radiological, and histopathological findings, the patient was diagnosed with CRMO. The following treatment consisted of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, methotrexate, and pamidronate. The strength of this case is the fact that there was extensive imaging and more than one biopsy, and the patient was followed. Magnetic resonance imaging was valuable in assessing the extent and activity of a lesion.

Magnetic resonance neurography in the diagnosis of a retroperitoneal ganglioneuroma: Case report and literature review.

Magnetic resonance neurography is a technique for identifying anatomy and pathologic lesions of nerves, and has emerged as a helpful technique for localizing lesions and elucidating the underlying etiology. Ganglioneuromas are highly differentiated benign tumors. This lesion is rare and exhibits undetermined symptoms, the features of using the magnetic resonance neurography are a great ally to determine its diagnosis. The authors illustrate a case of retroperitoneal ganglioneuroma emphasizing its image characteristics using magnetic resonance neurography with the diagnosis confirmed by histopathological examination.

Cystic degeneration of the tibial nerve: magnetic resonance neurography and sonography appearances of an intraneural ganglion cyst.

Extra- and intraneural ganglion cysts have been described in the literature. The tibial nerve ganglion is uncommon and its occurrence without intra-articular extension is atypical. The pathogenesis of cystic degeneration localized to connective and perineural tissue secondary to chronic mechanical irritation or idiopathic mucoid degeneration is hypothesized. Since the above pathology is extremely rare and the magnetic resonance imaging examination detects the defining characteristics of the intrinsic alterations of the tibial nerve, the authors illustrate such a case of tibial intaneural ganglion cyst with its magnetic resonance neurography and sonography appearances.

Anatomical and functional characteristics of the pelvic floor in nulliparous women submitted to three-dimensional endovaginal ultrasonography: case control study and evaluation of interobserver agreement.

PURPOSE: To determine anatomical and functional pelvic floor measurements performed with three-dimensional (3-D) endovaginal ultrasonography in asymptomatic nulliparous women without dysfunctions detected in previous dynamic 3-D anorectal ultrasonography (echo defecography) and to demonstrate the interobserver reliability of these measurements. METHODS: Asymptomatic nulliparous volunteers were submitted to echo defecography to identify dynamic dysfunctions, including anatomical (rectocele, intussusceptions, entero/sigmoidocele and perineal descent) and functional changes (non-relaxation or paradoxical contraction of the puborectalis muscle) in the posterior compartment and assessed with regard to the biometric index of levator hiatus, pubovisceral muscle thickness, urethral length, anorectal angle, anorectal junction position and bladder neck position with the 3-D endovaginal ultrasonography. All measurements were compared at rest and during the Valsalva maneuver, and perineal and bladder neck descent was determined. The level of interobserver agreement was evaluated for all measurements. RESULTS: A total of 34 volunteers were assessed by echo defecography and by 3-D endovaginal ultrasonography. Out of these, 20 subjects met the inclusion criteria. The 14 excluded subjects were found to have posterior dynamic dysfunctions. During the Valsalva maneuver, the hiatal area was significantly larger, the urethra was significantly shorter and the anorectal angle was greater. Measurements at rest and during the Valsalva maneuver differed significantly with regard to anorectal junction and bladder neck position. The mean values for normal perineal descent and bladder neck descent were 0.6 cm and 0.5 cm above the symphysis pubis, respectively. The intraclass correlation coefficient ranged from 0.62-0.93. CONCLUSIONS: Functional biometric indexes, normal perineal descent and bladder neck descent values were determined for young asymptomatic nulliparous women with the 3-D endovaginal ultrasonography. The method was found to be reliable to measure pelvic floor structures at rest and during Valsalva, and might therefore be suitable for identifying dysfunctions in symptomatic patients.

Anatomical and functional characteristics of the pelvic floor in nulliparous women submitted to three-dimensional endovaginal ultrasonography: case control study and evaluation of interobserver agreement / Características anatômicas e funcionais do assoalho pélvico em nulíparas avaliadas por ultrassonografia tridimensional endovaginal: estudo caso-controle e avaliação da confiabilidade interobservador

PURPOSE: To determine anatomical and functional pelvic floor measurements performed with three-dimensional (3-D) endovaginal ultrasonography in asymptomatic nulliparous women without dysfunctions detected in previous dynamic 3-D anorectal ultrasonography (echo defecography) and to demonstrate the interobserver reliability of these measurements. METHODS: Asymptomatic nulliparous volunteers were submitted to echo defecography to identify dynamic dysfunctions, including anatomical (rectocele, intussusceptions, entero/sigmoidocele and perineal descent) and functional changes (non-relaxation or paradoxical contraction of the puborectalis muscle) in the posterior compartment and assessed with regard to the biometric index of levator hiatus, pubovisceral muscle thickness, urethral length, anorectal angle, anorectal junction position and bladder neck position with the 3-D endovaginal ultrasonography. All measurements were compared at rest and during the Valsalva maneuver, and perineal and bladder neck descent was determined. The level of interobserver agreement was evaluated for all measurements. RESULTS: A total of 34 volunteers were assessed by echo defecography and by 3-D endovaginal ultrasonography. Out of these, 20 subjects met the inclusion criteria. The 14 excluded subjects were found to have posterior dynamic dysfunctions. During the Valsalva maneuver, the hiatal area was significantly larger, the urethra was significantly shorter and the anorectal angle was greater. Measurements at rest and during the Valsalva maneuver differed significantly with regard to anorectal junction and bladder neck position. The mean values for normal perineal descent and bladder neck descent were 0.6 cm and 0.5 cm above the symphysis pubis, respectively. The intraclass correlation coefficient ranged from 0.62-0.93. CONCLUSIONS: Functional biometric indexes, normal perineal descent and bladder neck descent values were determined for young asymptomatic nulliparous women with the 3-D endovaginal ultrasonography. The method was found to be reliable to measure pelvic floor structures at rest and during Valsalva, and might therefore be suitable for identifying dysfunctions in symptomatic patients.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar as medidas anatômicas e funcionais do assoalho pélvico utilizando a ultrassonografia tridimensional transvaginal em nulíparas assintomáticas sem disfunções do compartimento posterior evidenciado pela ecodefecografia. Demonstrar o grau de concordância entre observadores do método utilizado para medir as estruturas anatômicas. MÉTODOS: Voluntárias nulíparas assintomáticas foram submetidas à ecodefecografia para identificar alterações dinâmicas no compartimento posterior, incluindo aquelas anatômicas (retocele, intussuscepção, entero/sigmoidocele e descenso perineal) e funcionais (ausência de relaxamento ou contração paradoxal do puborretal) e avaliadas com ultrassonografia tridimensional transvaginal para determinar índices biométricos do hiato dos elevadores do ânus, espessura do músculo pubovisceral, comprimento da uretra, ângulo anorretal, posição da junção anorretal e posição do colo vesical. Todas as medidas foram comparadas em repouso e durante Valsalva; e determinado descenso perineal e do colo da bexiga. A variabilidade interobservador foi avaliada utilizando o coeficiente de correlação intraclasse. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliadas 34 voluntárias com a ecodefecografia e a ultrassonografia tridimensional transvaginal. Dessas, 20 foram incluídas no estudo. As 14 excluídas apresentavam alterações dinâmicas no compartimento posterior. Durante a manobra de Valsalva, a área hiatal foi significativamente maior. A uretra foi significantemente mais curta e o ângulo anorretal foi maior. Medidas em repouso e durante a Valsalva diferiram significativamente em relação à posição da junção anorretal e do colo vesical. A média de valor do descenso perineal e do descenso da bexiga foram de 0,6 cm e 0,5 cm acima da sínfise púbica, respectivamente. O coeficiente de correlação intraclasse variou entre 0,62-0,93. CONCLUSÕES: Foram determinados valores normais para os índices biométricos funcionais, descida perineal e colo vesical em nulíparas assintomáticas utilizando-se a ultrassonografia transvaginal tridimensional. É um método seguro para mensurar a anatomia do assoalho pélvico durante o repouso e a manobra de Valsalva, e pode ser adequado para a identificação de disfunções em pacientes sintomáticos.

Hypothenar hammer syndrome: case report and literature review / Síndrome do martelo hipotenar: relato de caso e revisão da literatura

Case report of a 69 year-old patient, with history of repetitive trauma events in the wrist, clinically simulating tenosynovitis, being held with Doppler Ultrasound and Magnetic Nuclear Resonance, which showed ulnar artery thrombosis. The accurate diagnosis of the hammer hypothenar disease through those tests enable an early intervention, improving the prognosis of patients affected by this rare disease.

Paciente de 69 anos, com história de traumas repetitivos no punho, simulando clinicamente tenossinovite, sendo feitas ultrassonografia com doppler e ressonância nuclear magnética, que evidenciaram trombose da artéria ulnar. O diagnóstico preciso da doença do martelo hipotenar por meio desses exames possibilita uma intervenção precoce e melhora o prognóstico dos pacientes acometidos por essa rara afecção.

Hypothenar hammer syndrome: case report and literature review.

Case report of a 69 year-old patient, with history of repetitive trauma events in the wrist, clinically simulating tenosynovitis, being held with Doppler Ultrasound and Magnetic Nuclear Resonance, which showed ulnar artery thrombosis. The accurate diagnosis of the hammer hypothenar disease through those tests enable an early intervention, improving the prognosis of patients affected by this rare disease.

Sarcoma granulocítico no ovário: relato de caso e achados na ressonância magnética / Ovarian granulocytic sarcoma: a case report and magnetic resonance imaging findings

Sarcoma granulocítico (cloroma) é um tumor de precursores mieloides em sítio extramedular. É complicação de leucemias mieloides agudas e crônicas. Apesar de poder surgir em qualquer lugar, envolvimento ovariano é raro. Relatamos um caso de tumor ovariano associado a leucemia mieloide aguda e seus achados de imagem na ressonância magnética.

Granulocytic sarcoma (chloroma) is a tumor consisting of myeloid precursors in an extramedullary site. It is complication of both acute and chronic myelogenous leukemias. Although the lesion can occur at any site, ovarian involvement is rare. We report a case ofovary tumor associated with acute myeloid leukaemia and its imaging appearance on magnetic resonance.

Condrossarcoma em paciente com osteocondromatose múltipla: relato de caso e revisão da literatura / Chondrosarcoma in a patient with multiple osteochondromatosis: a case report and review of the literature

Os autores relatam um caso de condrossarcoma em uma paciente de 14 anos portadora de osteocondromatose múltipla, que procurou assistência médica com a queixa de tumoração na coxa esquerda. Cortes tomográficos do membro afetado evidenciaram lesão osteodestrutiva no terço superior do fêmur esquerdo. O diagnóstico foi feito através da revisão da lâmina do serviço de origem da paciente, confirmando o achado de condrossarcoma grau I em lesão condromatosa. Foi realizada desarticulação do colo femoral devido ao extenso comprometimento de grupos musculares, de tecido celular subcutâneo e de pele. A literatura mostra ampla variação nas taxas de transformação maligna das exostoses em pacientes portadores desta doença, sendo esta uma importante complicação nestes pacientes.

The authors report a case of chondrosarcoma in a 14-year-old female patient with multiple osteochondromatosis who has sought medical assistance complaining of a tumor on the left coxa. CT images of the affected limb have demonstrated osteodestructive lesion on the superior third of the left femur. The diagnosis has been made through a review of the biopsy slide from the service of origin of the patient, confirming the finding of a grade I chondrosarcoma in a chondromatous lesion. Disarticulation of the femoral neck was made because of the large extent of the lesion in muscular groups, subcutaneous cellular tissue and skin. The literature shows a wide variation in rates of malignant transformation of exostosis in patients with this disease, and this is a significant complication in patients affected by this disease.

Ultra-sonografia intra-operatória na localização de insulinoma: relato de dois casos / Intraoperative ultrasound in localization of insulinoma: report of two cases

Os autores descrevem dois casos em que se utilizou a ultra-sonografia intra-operatória como método auxiliar à ressecção cirúrgica de insulinomas pancreáticos. Ressaltamos a importância desta técnica, principalmente nos casos em que estes tumores não foram localizados adequadamente por outros métodos no estudo pré-operatório, evitando-se ressecções amplas desnecessárias e reduzindo as complicações pós-operatórias.

Chordoma: retrospective analysis of 24 cases

INTRODUCTION: Chordoma is a rare and slow-growing tumor, with local aggressiveness and preferential localization in the vertebral column. OBJECTIVE: The main objective of this study is to evaluate natural history and results of treatment of chordomas. METHODOLOGY: This is a retrospective study from 1953 to 1993. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The age ranged from 2 to 86 years (mean = 34.5). Twelve patients were male and 12 female. The localization of the tumor was: 20 in the sacral region, 3 in head and neck and one out of the spine. RESULTS: The treatment, alone or combined, was surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy. The survival rate for patients with lesions in the sacrum ranged from 4 to 119 months, since the date of the symptoms. The 5-year overall survival was 4.2. CONCLUSION: Chordoma is a rare and slow growing tumor, with a very difficult approach by surgery due to its preferential location in the sacrum and poor therapeutic results with radiation therapy or chemotherapy, mainly in patients with advanced disease.